This Intermediate Level course reviews the topic of hyponatremia, including the pathophysiology, types of hyponatremia, causes, symptoms, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment.

At the completion of this course the reader will be able to:

1. Recall the pathophysiology of hyponatremia.
2. Discuss the pathophysiology-based approach to hyponatremia.
3. List the main hyponatremic disorders.
4. Describe each of the hyponatremic disorders.
5. Discuss the treatment options for hyponatremia.
6. Contemplate the possible outcomes of different hyponatremic treatment options.